Описание
Лексика
1. Выберите слово, чтобы получилось словосочетание, которое используется в юридической сфере. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.
1. to commit a) assault b) crime c) a steal
2. to plead a) arrest b)innocent c) guilty
3. warrant of a) theft b) court c) arrest
4. house a) breaking b) jury c) behavior
5. date of a) company b) delivery c) will
2. Соотнесите словосочетания и определения к данным словосочетаниям. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.
6. monetary damages a) is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong in which a binding or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by nonperformance or interference with the other party’s performance
7. consulting agreement b) stealing from someone’s home
8. breach of contract c) outline of the tasks and responsibilities for a consulting relationship
9. burglary d) money ordered by a judge to be paid by a person or organization to someone who has been harmed or lost money as a result of their wrong actions
3. Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.
10. обвинять кого-то в чем то a) confess smb with smth b) charge smb with smth
11. раскрытие информации a) disclosure b) a licence
12. ответственность a) duties b) responsibility
13. допрашивать a) sword b) interrogate
14. подростковая преступность a) juvenile delinquency b) enforcement bodies
15.незаконный контракт a) valid contract b) void contract
Грамматика
4. Выберите правильный вариант глагола в пассивном или активном залоге.
Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.
16.Why … he always … ?
a) is ……. laughing b) did laughed
17. The auditors … already … all the necessary documents, and they can start their work,
a) were shown b) have been shown
18.You … for. Go, I won’t delay you.
a) are waited b) are being waited
19 Most books should……………
a) have been tested b)are tested
20. The details of the contract should … much before signing it.
a) have discussed b) be discussed
21. He never … to people.
a) listens b) is listened c) listen
22. Stay here. The show will… perfectly well from this place,
a) see b) be seen
23. The window was broken, and the money …
a) disappeared b) was disappeared
24. The police will… him sooner or later,
a) arrest b) be arrested c) is arrested
25. He will… in prison.
a) put b) be put c) is put
26.The tank … at the moment.—
a) is filling b) is being filled
27. The fine hasn’t………..yet: we have no money.
a) paid b) been paid c) was
5. Выберите глагол в подходящем времени. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.
28. Students……………. law at the university.
a) are studying b) study c) have studied
29 He already………….from the university.
a) graduated b) will graduate c) has graduated
30. You look very thoughtful. What…………….about?
a) do you think b) are you thinking c) do
31. The police ……….the killer yet.
a) hasn’t found b) didn’t find c) haven’t found
32. ………………………………………………………….. Every year the State
Duma of the RF ………………………………………………. a lot of laws.
a) was passing b) have passed c) is passing
33. Last year he………….from the university.
a) graduated b) has graduated c) was graduated
34. …………………………………………….. For about 10 years legislators the bill.
a) have been discussing b) had discussing c) discussed
35. In 1992 our country …………………… the treaty.
a) ratified b) had ratified c) was ratified
36. Lawyers………………..to the agreement by the end of the present session.
a) came b) have come c) had come
37. The police caught the man when he…………………. the shop.
a) robbing b) robed c) was robbing
38. He…………………… with the judge yet.
a) hasn’t yet talked b) haven’t talked c) hasn’t talked
6. Выберите правильный вариант сравнительного оборота. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.
39. This method is…….effective ………….the previous one.
a) so………..as b)as…………as c) such……..as
40 ……………. you work, …………..you study.
a)the better ………. the more b)the best ………… the better c)the more……… the better
41. The period is … long …. a semester,
a) as longer……..as b) the c) as … .as
42.The document is………. concise ………….possible.
a) such …….as b) So…….. as c) as……..as
43……………you communicate with people, …………….. clients you have.
a) the better………..the more b) the better…… the best c) as……… as
Чтение
7. Прочитайте текст.
Why do We Need Law?
1. Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for
social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and
custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some
rules — those made by the state or the courts — are called “laws”. Laws resemble morality because they
are designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the
courts; if you break a law — whether you like that law or not — you may be forced to pay a fine, pay
damages, or go to prison. Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we
need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? If we did not live in a
structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please,
with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people — to live in
society — laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country
states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two way street.
2. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving
would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep
their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.
Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide
a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we
do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide
who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner’s rights are respected. We need law, then,
to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we expect even
more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police
forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of
order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at
the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the
Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, 15 including members of the police
and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.
3. In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to
give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured
on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to
university. Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect
certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure
that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair
advantage of weaker individuals. However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created
that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in
stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a
particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful
means.
When the world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate
life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was
their own business and no one interfered officially. But things never stay the same. The life has
changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of
our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern
our every social move and action. We have made laws of community living. Though laws
are based on the reasonable needs at the community we often don’t notice them. If our neighbor plays
loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the
police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a
lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket
that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch. 20 Only when a neighbour refuses to behave reasonably or
when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasn’t repaid, the TV set fails to work and the
owner of the shop didn’t return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications
of everyday activities. You may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against
Bert who didn’t pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you
testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to
be returned. The court after listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided
that it was a loan and directed that judgment should be entered in favour of you against Bert. Some
transactions in modem society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first
seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom
to give our property to when we die. On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming
more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other.
Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do
business.
4. When governments make laws for their citizens, they use the system of courts backed by
the power of the police to enforce these laws. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not
enforced against someone — such as when young children commit crimes, when the police have to
concentrate on certain crimes and therefore ignore others, or in countries where there is so much
political corruption that certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence.
But the general nature of the law is enforced equally against all members of the nation. Governmentmade laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society,
and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules. This relationship can
be demonstrated using the example of a sports club.
5. Suppose a member of a rugby club is so angry with the referee during a club game that he
hits him and breaks his nose. At the most informal level of social custom, it is probable that people
seeing or hearing about the incident would criticize the player and try to persuade him to apologize
and perhaps compensate the referee in some way. At a more formal level, the player would find he had
broken the rules of his club, and perhaps of a wider institution governing the conduct of all people
playing rugby, and would face punishment, such as a fine or a suspension before he would be allowed
to play another game. Finally, the player might also face prosecution for attacking the referee under
laws created by the government of his country. In many countries there might be two kinds of
prosecution. First, the referee could conduct a civil action against the player, demanding compensation
for his injury and getting his claim enforced by a court of law if the player failed to agree privately.
Second, the police might also start an action against the player for a crime of violence. If found guilty,
the player might be sent to prison, or he might be made to pay a fine to the court — that is, punishment
for an offence against the state, since governments often consider antisocial behaviour not simply as a
matter between two individuals but as a danger to the well-being and order of society as a whole.
6. A lawyer is a person learned in law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a
solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of
law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their
clients. The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be
treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice
environment and field of specialization. In most countries there is only one legal profession. This
means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal
qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work. In England the system is different. Here
the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and
barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take
different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal
work. Many solicitors deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or
criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the
legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers;
making wills.
7. Barristers are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court. Unlike
solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are
those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts. The educational requirements
to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a
faculty of law, which is a department of a university’s general undergraduate college. Law students in
those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree. In some countries it is
common or even required for students to earn another bachelor’s degree at the same time. Besides it is
often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at
special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught
at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law
schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D.
(Juris Doctor/Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner’s law degree (a professional degree).
However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of
Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission
of a full dissertation based on original research. The methods and quality of legal education vary
widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special
clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young
lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).
8. In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers.
Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel,
corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. In most civil law countries,
lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between
different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career
mobility may be severely constrained.
8. Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант, в лист ответов.
44. Almost everything we do is governed by …
a) rules imposed by morality, b) the courts, c) some set of rules.
45. If we didn’t live in a structured society with other people …
a) we wouldn’t simply do as we please, b) we would simply do with little regard for others,
c) laws would not be necessary.
46. Laws against criminal conduct help …
a) to protect our property, b) to take advantage of other individuals, c) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.
47.Barristers are mainly…
a) responsible for providing legal advice to clients, b) handle the administrative tasks of a law firm, c) the «courtroom lawyers» who conduct cases in court.
9. Запишите номер абзаца, в котором содержится ответ на вопрос, в лист ответов.
47. What is another goal of the law?
48. What paragraph describes the relationship in the sports club
49. What is the role of lawyers?
10. Переведите письменно 3 часть текста.
