Описание
- Соотнесите словосочетания и определения к данным словосочетаниям.
Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.
- embezzlement a) to discover the facts or truth about something
- judgment b) the crime of secretly taking money that is in your care or that belongs to an organization or business you work for
- to determine c) the crime of attacking and beating someone
- battery d) a decision that you make, or an opinion that you have, after considering all the facts in a situation
- to adjudicate e) a person or organization that borrows money from a bank in order to buy a house or other property
- preamble f) a formal agreement or promise between two or more people
- mortgagor g) an introduction to a speech or piece of writing
- covenant h) to make an official decision about something, especially about who is right in a disagreement
2. Выберите слово, чтобы получилось словосочетание, которое используется в юридической сфере. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.
9. appear before a) the footlights b) a meeting c) a court
10. bring a) smth to rest b) smb to his senses c) charges against smb
11. of last a) resort b) year c) measure
12. suggest a) a solution itself to me b) amendments to the bill c) a course of study
13. negligent a) good humour b) air c) homicide
14. to provide a) medical benefits b) the rules c) provision
15. comparative a) law b) information c) analysis
16. applicability of a) new biotechniques b) laws c) regions
3. Выберите английское словосочетание, соответствующее русскому. Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.
17. избежать захвата a) to capture seize b) avoid capture
18. накопление апелляционных дел
- a) the accumulation of appellate cases b) the accumulation of appellee trial
19. подать апелляционную жалобу a) appeal to a higher court в высшую инстанцию b) abolish to a higher cour
20. принимать решение по вопросам a) adopt decrees on issues b) adopt decrees incompatible with a judicial decision
21. начать судебный процесс a) start litigation b) to complete the judicial proce
22. быть присяжным a) be on jury service b) be on jury pane
23. алименты a) alimony b) alimenta
24. юридически обязывающий a) legally binding b) legally enforceable enactment
4. Выберите из правого столбца соответствующую грамматическую форму английского глагола to negotiate (вести переговоры). Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.
25. Когда я вернулся в офис, он уже час вел переговоры.
26. Когда я позвонил ему, он уже провел переговоры.
27. Завтра он проведет переговоры с партнерами.
28. Поздравьте его, он только что провел важные переговоры.
29. Он часто проводит переговоры с партнерами.
30. К моему возвращению, он будет вести переговоры уже час.
31. Вчера он успешно провел переговоры о сотрудничестве.
32. Уже неделю он ведет переговоры с местными властями.
33. Подождите, они ведут переговоры о поставках.
34. К концу рабочего дня они проведут переговоры.
35. Завтра в 10 часов они будут вести переговоры о сокращении импортных поставок.
36. Вчера с 3 до 5 вечера он вел переговоры с представителями местной власти.
a) has negotiated
b) had been negotiating
c) will have negotiated
d) will be negotiating
e) will have been negotiating
f) has been negotiating
g) was negotiating
h) are negotiating
i) had negotiated
j) will negotiate
k) negotiated
l) negotiates
5. Выберите правильный вариант модального глагола. Внесите букву, обозначающую правильный вариант в лист ответов.
37. The manager ________ approve the proposal first. a) must b) can c) should
38. We ________ to finish the task by tomorrow. a) might b) have c) could
39. Employees ________ attend the workshop since they attended a similar one last week. a) needn’t b) mustn’t c) couldn’t
40. You ________ verify the data before submission. a) should b) are allowed c) can
6. Подберите к первой части условных предложений (из первого столбика) их окончание (из второго столбика). Номера соответствий внесите в лист ответов.
41. If the sales figures decline, a) we would need to reduce staff.
42. If I had more resources, b) we might improve customer satisfaction.
43. If the company automates processes, c) I would invest in marketing
44. If the client is satisfied, d) the company could save costs.
45. If the team members had improved their KPIs, e) productivity would have increased.
7. Прочитайте текст А и выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы после текста. Внесите их в лист ответов.
Text A
Business Law Fundamentals for B2 Professionals: Contracts, IP, and Compliance
Business law, also known as commercial law, governs the rules and regulations that apply to companies and commercial transactions. It ensures fair practices, resolves disputes, and protects the rights of businesses and consumers. For B2 (business-to-business) interactions, understanding business law is essential to avoid legal risks and ensure smooth operations.
One key area of business law is contract formation. A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. For it to be valid, it must include an offer, acceptance, consideration, and mutual intent to be bound. In B2B transactions, contracts often involve sales agreements, service provisions, or partnership terms. Clear and precise contracts help prevent misunderstandings and legal disputes.
Another important aspect is intellectual property (IP) law. Businesses must protect their trademarks, patents, copyrights, and trade secrets. In B2B dealings, companies may license their IP to other firms or collaborate on innovations. Without proper IP protection, a business risks losing its competitive advantage or facing costly litigation.
Employment law also plays a crucial role in B2B operations. Companies hiring employees or subcontractors must comply with labor regulations, including fair wages, workplace safety, and antidiscrimination laws. Misclassifying workers (e.g., as independent contractors instead of employees) can lead to legal penalties. Additionally, non-compete and confidentiality agreements help safeguard business interests when employees change jobs.
Consumer protection laws, though more relevant in B2C (business-to-consumer) transactions, still impact B2B dealings. Businesses must ensure that their products and services meet industry standards and do not engage in deceptive practices. False advertising or selling defective goods can result in lawsuits, fines, and reputational damage.
International trade law is vital for companies operating across borders. B2B transactions between different countries involve compliance with import/export regulations, tariffs, and trade agreements. Businesses must also consider currency exchange, taxation, and foreign legal systems. Failure to adhere to international trade laws can lead to shipment delays, financial losses, or legal action.
Dispute resolution is another critical component of business law. Conflicts may arise over contract breaches, payment delays, or service quality issues. Many B2B contracts include arbitration clauses to resolve disputes outside of court, which is often faster and more cost-effective. However, some cases may still require litigation, making it essential for businesses to have legal counsel.
Bankruptcy law affects B2B relationships when a business becomes insolvent. Creditors must follow legal procedures to recover debts, and contracts may be terminated or renegotiated. Understanding bankruptcy rights helps businesses minimize financial losses when dealing with struggling partners. Finally, corporate governance ensures that businesses operate ethically and transparently. It includes internal policies, board responsibilities, and shareholder rights. Strong governance builds trust with partners and investors, reducing legal and financial risks.
In conclusion, business law is fundamental to B2B operations, covering contracts, intellectual property, employment, consumer protection, international trade, dispute resolution, bankruptcy, and corporate governance. By complying with legal requirements, businesses can avoid penalties, protect their assets, and maintain successful partnerships. Legal awareness and professional advice are crucial for navigating complex commercial regulations effectively.
- What are the essential elements of a valid contract in business law?
a) Offer, acceptance, consideration, and mutual intent
b) Signature, witness, notarization, and payment
c) Verbal agreement, handshake, trust, and goodwill
d) Email confirmation, company logo, and employee approval
47. Why is intellectual property (IP) protection important in B2B transactions?
a) It ensures that businesses can avoid paying taxes
b) It prevents competitors from stealing innovations and maintains a competitive advantage
c) It allows companies to ignore contract terms
d) It eliminates the need for written agreements
48. What is a common risk of misclassifying workers in employment law?
a) Increased employee benefits without justification
b) Legal penalties for violating labor regulations
c) Automatic approval of all contract terms
d) Faster business expansion
49. How can businesses resolve disputes efficiently under business law?
a) By ignoring the conflict and hoping it resolves itself
b) Through arbitration clauses in contracts, which avoid lengthy court processes
c) By refusing all future business dealings without negotiation
d) By publicly shaming the other company on social media
50. What does corporate governance ensure in a business?
a) Higher profits without ethical considerations
b) Unrestricted decision-making without accountability
c) Ethical operations, transparency, and trust with partners
d) Elimination of all legal regulations
8. Сделайте реферирование текста B на английском языке (15-20 предложений).
Text B
Judiciary Has Crucial Role Supporting Arbitration – Top-Level IBA Panel5
A distinguished multinational panel of speakers highlighted the role played by the rule of law in supporting arbitration for the benefit of institutions and clients at the 26th International Bar Association (IBA) Arbitration Day in London last week.
Following on from a keynote address by Mr Justice Foxton, the former head of the London Commercial Court, in which he tackled the fragmentation of commercial claims between judges and arbitrators, arbitral wisdom was offered in a panel session on revisiting the rule of law in arbitration.
The panel asked whether institutional support for arbitration remained suitable, building on Foxton’s subtle call for action.
Chaired by Twenty Essex’s Audley Sheppard KC, speakers included Nigeria’s Babatunde Ajibade SAN, of SPA Ajibade & Co, who is chair of the IBA Section on Public and Professional Interest; China’s Lijun Cao of Zhong Lun Law Firm; independent arbitrator Paula Hodges KC, and retired Singaporean appellate judge Judith Prakash, along with Adrián Magallanes of Von Wobeser & Sierra, Mexico City.
One theme – expressed by all the speakers to a greater or lesser degree – was a commitment by the arbitral community to upholding the rule of law, to which a strong judiciary was critical, a sentiment superbly explained by Magallanes, who outlined the impact of recent judicial reforms in Mexico, announced, concurrently, at the IBA’s annual conference last year.
Against a backdrop in which international and national bar associations have increasingly focused on this issue, as have significant law firms, other speakers emphasised arbitration’s enduring role in upholding the rule of law, something Hodges, reinforcing Foxton’s speech, was at pains to do.
Hodges, the outgoing president of the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), cited the virtues of the UK Arbitration Act (as reformed) in allowing proportionate legal challenges and the 2023 ruling in the Process & Industrial Developments (P&ID) litigation, when London’s High Court overturned an $11bn award against Nigeria because it was obtained by fraud, as examples.
Sheppard, the president-elect of the International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), noted, with mild disapproval, an increase in “disrespect for long-established institutions and their decisions and a willingness to ignore international treaties if they are no longer convenient” by others.
Ajibade, by contrast, highlighted the impact of delays in resolving cases, contrasting the speed of seminal decisions in the UK and Nigeria, which took, respectively, seven months in one instance and eleven years in another.
However, like Hodges and Prakash, he praised legislators for recent reforms to arbitration, in Nigeria’s case, in 2023 and 2024, as supplying added impetus.
Singaporean jurist Prakash, meanwhile, noted that her country’s courts have respected legislators’ desire to reject arbitral reforms that increased opportunities to appeal awards, albeit with mild frustration, saying in some instances, “it was very painful not to be able to correct the application of the law.”
Cao focused on the community that is often said to need arbitration the most – small businesses – and how institutions catered for them. Highlighting issues of delay and cost, he explained how major institutions, from the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) to the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the American Arbitration Association (AAA), were responding – including with procedural innovations – to the time-consuming nature of the process.
Praising Singapore’s work in this area – through expedited procedures – he was more critical of forced arbitrations and an inability for specific institutions, like the AAA, to process arbitrations for a class of consumers. He said other institutions struggled to manage high volumes of smaller-value claims, illustrating that courts and arbitral institutions still have room to improve.
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